the following describe internal states of symptoms except

Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. . Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Fever. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. How does hypnosis work? By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. 23. Complications. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Reduced urine. Feeling tired. Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind 1. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. Has something like this ever happened to you? Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? 1. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. c. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Abnormal Motor Behavior. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington.

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