what is distribution coefficient in solvent extraction

An error occurred trying to load this video. After draining the organic layer from the first extraction, fresh solvent can be added to the aqueous layer remaining in the funnel to begin the second extraction (Figure 4.17b). After solving the algebra, \(x = 0.12 \: \text{g}\). It depends upon the nature of the extractant, solvent, pH, and many more. , in the case where partition of ionized forms into non-polar phase can be neglected, can be formulated as[13][14], The following approximate expressions are valid only for monoprotic acids and bases:[13][14], Further approximations for when the compound is largely ionized:[13][14], For prediction of pKa, which in turn can be used to estimate logD, Hammett type equations have frequently been applied. Of the \(0.50 \: \text{g}\) of hyoscyamine in the original aqueous layer, \(92\%\) of the material is extracted into the organic layer \(\left( 100\% \times 0.46 \: \text{g}/0.50 \: \text{g} \right)\). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Hn0l*!R)R*YlC` The round bottom flask shouldnt be more than ~40% full of solvent or else you will get bumping (solvent slashing around- youll lose product this way). Now titrate the aqueous layer with NaOH to determine how much benzoic acid remained in the water. In the context of pharmacodynamics (how the drug affects the body), the hydrophobic effect is the major driving force for the binding of drugs to their receptor targets. countercurrent distribution, in chemistry, a multistage solvent-extraction process, one of many separation methods that can be employed in chemical analysis. 0000053954 00000 n It is nondestructive and best for volatile and unstable substances. or estimated by calculation based on a variety of methods (fragment-based, atom-based, etc.). There is a problem at the end of this chapter to demonstrate that more extractions are better than one larger extraction. some times oxidizing and reducing agents are used to serve this purpose. As mentioned above, benzoic acid is more soluble in organic solvents, such as dichloromethane (DCM), than it is in water. In the previous section, solubility data was used to estimate the partition coefficient \(K\), and it was found to be 4.07. endstream endobj 661 0 obj <>/Outlines 39 0 R/Metadata 75 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 72 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/StructTreeRoot 77 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20080905154145)/PageLabels 70 0 R>> endobj 662 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 663 0 obj <> endobj 664 0 obj <> endobj 665 0 obj [/Indexed 666 0 R 11 682 0 R] endobj 666 0 obj [/ICCBased 681 0 R] endobj 667 0 obj <> endobj 668 0 obj <> endobj 669 0 obj <> endobj 670 0 obj <>stream "Extraction" refers to transference of compound (s) from a solid or liquid into a different solvent or phase. The partition coefficient generally refers to the concentration ratio of un-ionized species of compound, whereas the distribution coefficient refers to the concentration ratio of all species of the compound (ionized plus un-ionized). Now titrate the aqueous layer with NaOH to determine how much benzoic acid remained in the water. l6DZk+iU~nQhs9sf#"3"AcF4fz"eKlz5}/nneLsg_D^$ 0000003948 00000 n 2nd extraction: 8.0 mL 0.020 M aq. the two solvents, called the distribution coefficient, is characteristic of the compound and of the solvent pair. How do you get it out? A generalized formula can be easily suggested for the amount remaining unextracted after a given number of operations. endstream endobj 686 0 obj <>/Size 660/Type/XRef>>stream trailer If the distribution coefficient, K, for a given solvent extraction is 169: (a) What is the molar concentration of the analyte found in the extracting solvent if the concentration in the original solvent after the extraction is 0.027 M? An aqueous sample contains a complex mixture of organic compounds, all of which are at trace concentrations. This equilibrium constant is known as partition coefficient Kpc. Shake and drain off the lower DCM layer. This method in general gives better results than atomic-based methods, but cannot be used to predict partition coefficients for molecules containing unusual functional groups for which the method has not yet been parameterized (most likely because of the lack of experimental data for molecules containing such functional groups). For this purpose, to destroy the organic matter if present, acids such as Nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and aqua regia is added. So now youre left with a solution of compound B in ether. 0000004979 00000 n Solvent extraction is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. Please enable JavaScript. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The non-polar C18 group is hydrophobic and will be oriented into the organic phase. The distribution coefficient (K) is a measure of how well a given solvent will extract and hold in the organic phase a constituent from the aqueous feed liquor. This law gives the best results when employed under the following conditions. This ratio is therefore a comparison of the solubilities of the solute in these two liquids. the organic compound with acidic and basic nature can be extracted through solvent extraction. In such solvent extraction, it's advantageous to do extraction in successive stages using smaller lots of solvents rather doing extraction once using the entire lot. Ht;o0{-)R\\AK C:$uB-I[@~Y{h;H*,~ &_dVtJH#wh@XHz(GM"+o*@gm>i IY'(_G~b ?%8IadOdJ4 )7i The true \(K\) represents the equilibrium between aqueous and organic solutions, while solubility data represent the equilibrium between a saturated solution and the solid phase. { "01_Liquid-Liquid_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Chromatography_\u2013_Background" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Broadening_of_Chromatographic_Peaks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Fundamental_Resolution_Equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_Liquid_Chromatographic_Separation_Methods" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06_Gas_Chromatographic_Separation_Methods" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07_Appendix_1:__Derivation_of_the_Fundamental_Resolution_Equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "01_In-class_Problems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Text" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Learning_Objectives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Instructor\'s_Manual" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_Out-of-class_Problems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06_Laboratory_Projects" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07_Specialty_Topics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08_Vignettes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40", "authorname:asdl", "author@Thomas Wenzel" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnalytical_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)%2FAnalytical_Sciences_Digital_Library%2FCourseware%2FSeparation_Science%2F02_Text%2F01_Liquid-Liquid_Extraction, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Its solubility data is shown in Figure 4.13b. In general, three extractions are the optimal compromise between expended effort and maximizing the recovery of material. {\displaystyle \log P_{\text{oct/wat}}^{I}} A: The dissociation constant is defined as the ratio of the amount of compound in the organic phase to the amount of compound in the aqueous phase. By the rule the correct answer will keep you in orgo lab longer, its the second choice- two 5 mL extractions. [citation needed], Values for other compounds may be found in a variety of available reviews and monographs. The distribution coefficient is the ratio of the concentration of solute in the organic phase over the concentration of solute in the aqueous phase (the V-terms are the volume of the phases). The less dense phase will be the top layer- most organic solvents are less dense than water. {\displaystyle f^{0}} If a substance is present as several chemical species in the partition system due to association or dissociation, each species is assigned its own Kow value. If the same 100 cc of solution is used in four or five lots, a still greater proportion could be extracted. The larger the value of DM, the more of the solute we have extracted or partitioned into the organic phase. Organic compounds are generally much more soluble in organic solvents, like benzene, chloroform, and ether, than in water and these solvents are immiscible with water. After solving the algebra, \(x = 0.29 \: \text{g}\). This result means \(0.04 \: \text{g}\) remains in the aqueous layer \(\left( 0.09 \: \text{g} - 0.05 \: \text{g} \right)\) after the third extraction. In a multiple extraction procedure, a quantity of solvent is used to extract one layer (often the aqueous layer) multiple times in succession. Because in distillation the separation of compounds with large differences in their boiling point is separated through the heating- condensation method. This process is summarized in Figure 4.14. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. endstream endobj 671 0 obj <> endobj 672 0 obj <> endobj 673 0 obj <>stream Ratio of concentrations in a mixture at equilibrium, "4.2.4: Partition and Distribution Coefficients", "Chapter 15: General Anesthetic Pharmacology", "Chapter 3: Free Energy and Phase Diagrams", "The partition of organic compounds. This result means that \(0.12 \: \text{g}\) is extracted into the diethyl ether in the second extraction and \(0.09 \: \text{g}\) remains in the aqueous layer \(\left( 0.21 \: \text{g} - 0.12 \: \text{g} \right)\). Salting out is the method by which electrolytes are added to enhance the extractability of complexes. 0000006125 00000 n Certain features of this process closely parallel aspects of chromatographic separations. In the context of pharmacokinetics (how the body absorbs, metabolizes, and excretes a drug), the distribution coefficient has a strong influence on ADME properties of the drug. (b) What is the molar concentration of the analyte . These calculations demonstrate that using multiple portions of a solvent maximizes the extractive power of the solvent. When an aqueous solution is extracted with an organic solvent that is denser than water (for example dichloromethane, \(\ce{CH_2Cl_2}\)), the only procedural difference is that there is no need to ever drain the aqueous layer from the separatory funnel. In this example, a single extraction resulted in extraction of \(80\%\) of the hyoscyamine \(\left( 100\% \times 0.40 \: \text{g}/0.50 \: \text{g} \right)\) from the aqueous layer into the organic layer. If the \(50 \: \text{mL}\) diethyl ether extracts are combined in this example (Figure 4.19), there would be a total of \(0.46 \: \text{g}\) of hyoscyamine in the combined organic extracts. Step 3: Take the methylene chloride layer from step (1) and shake this against an aqueous layer with a pH value of 13 (adjusted to that level using a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide). endstream endobj 678 0 obj <>stream You do this by spinning the stopcock to let a little air out. The partitioning of the compound between the two layers caused the sample to be incompletely extracted. This page titled Liquid-Liquid Extraction is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Thomas Wenzel. The parameter has been used extensively in models to predict the behavior of contaminants in the environment. [37], A number of methods of measuring distribution coefficients have been developed, including the shake-flask, separating funnel method, reverse-phase HPLC, and pH-metric techniques. BivL)`tU.g=&]kR|+/?Oo~3xzBu~mo#O G~mJ'A2 <0 Saranya has a masters degree in Chemistry and in Secondary Education. Then the concentration of the substance in solvent = x0 - x1 / L , while the concentration of the substance in the water = x1 / V, So the distribution coefficient, K = x1 / V divided by x0 - x1 / L, or, x1 = KV(x0 - x1) / L = x0 (KV / KV + L). . In addition, since log D is pH-dependent, the pH at which the log D was measured must be specified. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The partition coefficient is the ratio of the compound's concentration in the organic layer compared to the aqueous layer. Adjustment of the pH is often used to alter the selectivity of the extraction, thereby allowing different metal ions to be separated. In this technique, the Salute or solutes are distributed between two immiscible liquids IE organic and aqueous layers. The distribution coefficient for GPA (K) was defined by Eq. The "partition coefficient, (K)" defines the solubility differences for a given compound between two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. It can be calculated, %E=100 x millimoles of solute extracted/ total millimoles of the aqueous phase. As before, we can assign the quantity of hyoscyamine extracted into the diethyl ether the value "\(x\)", which would leave "\(0.50 \: \text{g} - x\)" remaining in the aqueous layer of the first extraction. Furthermore, there exist also approaches using maximum common subgraph searches or molecule kernels. . A typical data-mining-based prediction uses support-vector machines,[55] decision trees, or neural networks. 0000004026 00000 n l}g% k;y_ ~B(&8 KJ1F How Does Extraction Compare To Distillation? Partition coefficients can be measured experimentally in various ways (by shake-flask, HPLC, etc.) Spectroscopy Types & Techniques | Absorption, Nuclear Magnetic, & Mass Spectroscopy. For example, the blood/gas partition coefficient of a general anesthetic measures how easily the anesthetic passes from gas to blood. They can be separated through two main methods, It is best suitable for electrically neutral metal atom extractions. I Vibrational Spectroscopy Overview & Types | What is Vibrational Spectroscopy? Download scientific diagram | Distribution coefficient, D of jojoba oil using different solvents. Dont even worry about what that means yet. [citation needed], The distribution coefficient, log D, is the ratio of the sum of the concentrations of all forms of the compound (ionized plus un-ionized) in each of the two phases, one essentially always aqueous; as such, it depends on the pH of the aqueous phase, and log D = log P for non-ionizable compounds at any pH. You will probably have to make the benzoic acid solution yourself, but the NaOH solution will be provided for you. Alberta Education Diploma - Chemistry 30: Exam Prep & Study Guide, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What Is Distillation? Other prediction methods rely on other experimental measurements such as solubility. Finally this non-aqueous layer is removed and distilled to obtain the purified compound. Actual partition coefficients are experimental, but can be estimated by using solubility data. o'JY44O[S2(>`]F_5IyF2%$~]m}`h^^) oO9P]$q-q(hO!\'a{ l.p)[u& S+& One way to solubilize this anion in the organic phase is to add a cation with similar properties. Note: BE SURE to remove the top sep funnel cap before you drain! [12] For example, in octanolwater: which sums the individual partition coefficients (not their logarithms), and where In areas such as drug discoveryareas involving partition phenomena in biological systems such as the human bodythe log D at the physiologic pH= 7.4 is of particular interest. Its working mechanism is based upon Nernst distribution law. Since the organic layer from the first extraction had already reached equilibrium with the aqueous layer, it would do little good to return it to the separatory funnel and expose it to the aqueous layer again. Q: Both benzoic acid and ethyl benzoate are soluble in organic solvents. LLE is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase. flashcard sets. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. A few common organic solvents are miscible with water so cant be used for an extraction. This quantity can be approximated using the solubility data. If a second extraction (again, done with L cc solvent) is made, the quantity unextracted would be: x2 = x1 * KV / KV + L = x0 * KV / KV + L * KV / KV + L = x0 (KV / KV + L)2. This website helped me pass! It is also known as n-octanol-water partition ratio. %%EOF [1], In the chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, both phases usually are solvents. The distribution coefficient K = Concentration in water / Concentration in chloroform = 1/20. For example, morphine has a partition coefficient of roughly 6 in ethyl acetate and water.\(^2\) If dark circles represent morphine molecules, \(1.00 \: \text{g}\) of morphine would distribute itself as shown in Figure 4.11. in these circumstances, the separation is calculated as the partition coefficient ratio of two solutes. [29][30] Likewise, hydrophobicity plays a major role in determining where drugs are distributed within the body after absorption and, as a consequence, in how rapidly they are metabolized and excreted. When a solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent, solutes often dissolve in part into both layers. Here are my sample calculations. Hydrophobic drugs with high octanol-water partition coefficients are mainly distributed to hydrophobic areas such as lipid bilayers of cells. For example, morphine has a \(K\) of roughly 2 in petroleum ether and water, and a \(K\) of roughly 0.33 in diethyl ether and water.\(^2\) When the \(K\) is less than one, it means the compound partitions into the aqueous layer more than the organic layer. Extract with methylene chloride the neutrals and acids go into the methylene chloride, the bases stay in the water. For cases where the molecule is un-ionized:[13][14], For other cases, estimation of log D at a given pH, from log P and the known mole fraction of the un-ionized form, Partition coefficients are useful in estimating the distribution of drugs within the body. \[4.07 = \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{x}{150 \: \text{mL ether}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{0.50 \: \text{g} - x}{150 \: \text{mL water}} \right)}\]. A corresponding partition coefficient for ionizable compounds, abbreviated log P I, is derived for cases where there are dominant ionized forms of the molecule, such that one must consider partition of all forms, ionized and un-ionized, between the two phases (as well as the interaction of the two equilibria, partition and ionization). In physical science, partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is a ratio of a compound's concentrations in the mix of two immiscible solvents at the equilibrium. In other words, in two extractions using the same 100 cc ether we can separate (2/3 + 2/9), or 88.9%, of the original amount of the compound. It is a simple and easily performable classical technique. Pour a 2 cm depth of cyclohexane into one test tube and a 2 cm depth of potassium iodide solution into the other. Solvent extraction is the process in which a compound transfers from one solvent to another owing to the difference in solubility or distribution coefficient between these two immiscible (or slightly soluble) solvents. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Polarized liquid interfaces have been used to examine the thermodynamics and kinetics of the transfer of charged species from one phase to another. This result means that \(0.29 \: \text{g}\) is extracted into the diethyl ether in the first extraction and \(0.21 \: \text{g}\) remains in the aqueous layer \(\left( 0.50 \: \text{g} - 0.29 \: \text{g} \right)\). between higher alcohols and water", "OctanolWater Partition Coefficients and Aqueous Solubilities of Organic Compounds", "OctanolWater Partition Coefficients of Simple Organic Compounds", "Chapter 2.2: Pharmacokinetic Phase: ADME", "What determines the strength of noncovalent association of ligands to proteins in aqueous solution? 660 0 obj <> endobj It is also calculated as the ratio of the concentration of the compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvent systems, "solvent x" and "solvent y.". The organic solvent selected should be such that: 1. Taking the ratio of the compound's solubility in diethyl ether compared to water gives an approximate \(K\) of 4. [11][24], A drug's distribution coefficient strongly affects how easily the drug can reach its intended target in the body, how strong an effect it will have once it reaches its target, and how long it will remain in the body in an active form. Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques (Nichols), { "4.01:_Prelude_to_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Overview_of_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Uses_of_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Which_Layer_is_Which" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Extraction_Theory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.06:_Step-by-Step_Procedures_For_Extractions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.07:_Reaction_Work-Ups" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.08:_Acid-Base_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_General_Techniques" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Chromatography" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Crystallization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Miscellaneous_Techniques" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Technique_Summaries" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "partition coefficient", "distribution coefficient", "Liquid-Liquid Extraction", "authorname:nicholsl", "Hyoscyamine", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncnd", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://organiclabtechniques.weebly.com/" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FOrganic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)%2F04%253A_Extraction%2F4.05%253A_Extraction_Theory, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 4.6: Step-by-Step Procedures For Extractions, Partition/Distribution Coefficient \(\left( K \right)\), source@https://organiclabtechniques.weebly.com/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org.

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